Mu Rwanda, ubu bushobozi buhura n’ikibazo gikomeye cy’ingufu nkeya z’amashanyarazi igihugu gifite. Inkomoko zose z’amashanyarazi u Rwanda rusanzwe rukoresha — harimo ingomero z’amazi, gaze ya metani, imirasire y’izuba, nyiramugengeri n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli — zose hamwe zitanga amashanyarazi ari munsi cyane ya megawati 1,000 (MW). U Rwanda rutanga amashanyarazi macye cyane ugereranyije n’abawukeneye.

Iteganyamigambi rya Leta rigaragaza ko amashanyarazi u Rwanda ruzakenera ashobora kuzagera hagati ya gigawati 2.5 na 4.5 (GW) mu mwaka wa 2050. Ikinyuranyo kiri hagati y’ibikenewe n’ibihari nticyakemurwa no kongera buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bw’ingufu zisanzwe gusa, ari na yo mpamvu abayobozi batangiye kureba ibisubizo by’igihe kirekire birimo ingufu za nikleyeri.

Mu rwego rwo kuganira kuri ibi bibazo by’ingufu ku rwego rw’akarere, kuva ejo u Rwanda rwakiriye inama ya kabiri ya Nikeleyeri, Nuclear Energy Innovation Summit on Africa (NEISA 2026). Iyi nama y’iminsi itatu ihuriza hamwe impuguke, abayobozi, abashakashatsi n’abafatanyabikorwa mu rwego rw’ingufu kugira ngo baganire ku hazaza h’ubumenyi bwa nikleyeri muri Afurika.

Mu gihe abantu bagitinya ibya nikleyeri bakabizanamo politiki nyinshi, uburyo u Rwanda rubifata bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga n’iterambere.

Ingufu Zihoraho zo Guteza Imbere Igihugu

Kimwe mu by’ingenzi bitandukanya ingufu za nikleyeri zizwiho ni ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi adahagarara. Bitandukanye n’ingufu zishingiye ku kirere nk’izuba cyangwa umuyaga, inganda za nikleyeri zikora amanywa n’ijoro, zigatanga amashanyarazi ahoraho kandi yizewe.

Ibi bikorwa binyuze muri nuclear fission — uburyo bwo gutandukanya utunyangingo twa uranium muri reactor igenzurwa neza. Iyi mikorere itanga ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabyara umwuka ushyushye (steam), ugatuma turbines zitanga amashanyarazi menshi kandi adahindagurika. By’umwihariko, reactor imwe isanzwe ya nikleyeri ishobora gutanga hagati ya megawati 1,000 na 1,200 — zingana hafi n’ubushobozi bwose bw’amashanyarazi u Rwanda rufite ubu.

Nk’uko Dr. Fidele Ndahayo, Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’u Rwanda gishinzwe Ingufu za Nikleyeri (Rwanda Atomic Energy Board), abivuga, igihugu kiri gushyira imbere ingufu za nikleyeri kubera ubunini bwazo n’ukwizerwa kwazo.

Yagize ati: “Umwihariko w’ingufu za nikleyeri ni uko ziboneka amasaha 24 kuri 24, iminsi irindwi mu cyumweru mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi. Ugomba kwirinda guhungabanya itangwa ry’amashanyarazi kuko guhungabana bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi.”

Ku Rwanda, uku kwizerwa ni ingenzi mu gushyigikira iterambere ry’inganda, kwagura ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ubukungu mu buryo burambye.

Dr. Fidele Ndahayo, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Rwanda Atomic Energy Board, mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru cyo ku wa 18 Gicurasi 2026.

Impamvu Small Modular Reactors Zihuye n’Ingamba z’u Rwanda

Aho gushora imari mu nganda nini zisanzwe za nikleyeri, u Rwanda rwahisemo kwibanda kuri Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) — ikoranabuhanga rishya rya nikleyeri ryagenewe korohereza ibihugu kubaka ubushobozi bujyanye n’ibikenewe.

Inganda nini za nikleyeri zisaba ubutaka bunini cyane ndetse n’ahantu hagari ho kwirinda impanuka, ibintu bitorohera ibihugu bifite ubuso buto cyangwa abaturage benshi.

Ndahayo yagize ati: “Mu Rwanda, rufite hafi kilometero kare 26,000, inganda nini za nikleyeri si uburyo bushoboka cyane.”

SMRs zo zikorwa mu bice bito kandi zishobora kongerwa buhoro buhoro bitewe n’uko amashanyarazi akenerwa yiyongera. Ibi bituma igihugu cyubaka ubushobozi bwa nikleyeri mu byiciro, mu gihe kigabanya ibiciro n’ibikenerwa mu bikorwa remezo.

Yakomeje ati: “Ku bw’amahirwe, ubu ku isoko hari ikoranabuhanga rya small modular reactors ririmo gutezwa imbere. Ushobora kongera ubushobozi bitewe n’uko ibikenewe byiyongera.”

U Rwanda ruteganya gutangiza reactor yarwo ya mbere ya SMR mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 2030, kandi intego y’igihe kirekire ni ukugera kuri gigawati 1.5 z’ingufu za nikleyeri mu mwaka wa 2050.

Imari, Umutekano n’Impinduka mu Rwego rw’Ingufu

Nubwo ingufu za nikleyeri zifite amahirwe menshi, ni kimwe mu bikorwa remezo bihenze kandi bigoye cyane ku isi. Kuzubaka bisaba miliyari z’amadolari kandi akenshi bifata hagati y’imyaka irindwi na icumi mbere y’uko uruganda rutangira gukora.

Iyi myiteguro isaba gushyiraho amategeko akomeye ayigenga, kurengera ibidukikije, guhugura abakozi bafite ubumenyi buhambaye, kubaka uburyo bwo kwirinda ibitero by’ikoranabuhanga, gutegura uburyo bwo gutabara mu gihe cy’impanuka, no kugira umurongo mugari w’amashanyarazi ushobora kwakira amashanyarazi menshi kandi adahagarara.

Umutekano ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi cyane. Nubwo impanuka za nikleyeri zibaho gake cyane mu mibare, u Rwanda ruri kwitegura ibishobora kuba nubwo byaba bidakunze kubaho ariko bikagira ingaruka zikomeye. Mu ntangiriro z’uyu mwaka, Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ingufu za Nikleyeri (IAEA) cyakoreye u Rwanda igenzura ryiswe Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR), ryemeza ko igihugu kimaze gutera intambwe igaragara mu myiteguro y’ibanze ya gahunda ya nikleyeri.

Muri rusange, u Rwanda rubona ubumenyi bwa nikleyeri atari nk’ubusimbura andi mashanyarazi rusanzwe rufite, ahubwo nk’ishingiro ry’ejo hazaza hafite amashanyarazi ahamye, ashobora kwagurwa kandi aturuka ku nkomoko zitandukanye, hamwe n’uruhare rwabwo rukomeza mu buvuzi, ubuhinzi n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.