Amatsiko n’amayobera yarushagaho kwiyongera, tukibaza ukuntu umuntu avugira muri Radio ari nk’i Kigali, tukamwumva turi mu Ntara.

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe uko biba byagenze kugira ngo wumve Radio ivugira kure wibereye aho uri, twifashishije Shumbusho Denis ufite ubumenyi mu mikorere ya Radio, abisobanura muri ubu buryo burambuye:

Ubundi mu bijyanye n’itumanaho rikoresheje amajwi, habaho uburyo butatu bw’itumanaho: Ubwa mbere, hari uburyo bw’itumanaho rikorerwa mu byerekezo byombi, ni ukuvuga ibyerekezo bibiri.

Ni uburyo bita Full Duplex. Aha ngaha abantu bashobora kuganira umwe akavuga undi anamusubiza icyarimwe. Tubukoresha iyo tuganirira nko kuri telefone zanyu ngendanwa, cyangwa se telefone zikoresha imigozi.

Ubundi buryo, ni itumanaho na ryo ribera mu byerekezo bibiri, ariko hakabaho ko uwumva cyangwa uwakira afata akanya ko gutegereza akumva ibyo bamubwira, umubwira yasoza maze na we agafata akanya ko gusubiza bakamutega amatwi. Ntibashobora kuvugira icyarimwe. Ni uburyo bita Half Duplex. Bukoreshwa ku bantu bakoresha itumanaho rikoresha ibyombo cyangwa Talkie walkie.

Uburyo bwa nyuma ni itumanaho ribera mu cyerekezo kimwe gusa, bita Mode Simplex. Ni nabwo Radio cyangwa Televiziyo bikoresha. Bivuze ko Uwumva ibyo Radio itangaza cyangwa ureba ibyo televiziyo igaragaza nta bushobozi bwo gusubiza afite uwo urimo kuvuga.

Ijambo Radio, rishobora kugira inyito zitandukanye bitewe n’icyo ushaka gusobanura. Radio, ishobora kuba uyita icyo gikoresho ukoresha wumva amajwi yasakajwe (Inyakiramajwi: Radio receiver), ishobora kuba igice cy’imirongo y’ubwisubire ikoreshwa mu gusakaza ibintu mu kirere (Radio frequency) cyangwa se bamwe bakayitiranya n’ibikoresho by’amajwi bashyize hamwe bikabwira abantu bateraniye aho amakuru atandukanye cyangwa bikabumvisha umuziki (Public Address cyangwa Sonorisation).

Amajwi atangira ari amashanyarazi

Ubundi Radio ni ijambo rikunze gukoreshwa bashaka kuvuga Station ya Radio, igizwe n’ibikoresho bibumbiye hamwe bifite intego yo gusakaza ibiganiro bikoze mu majwi ku ntera ndende, hifashishijwe imiraba ifite imbaraga rukuruzi, ku murongo ufite ubwisubire runaka wemerewe wahawe n’ikigo kibishinzwe.

Muri ibi bikoresho bibumbiye hamwe twabishyira mu bice 3: Icya mbere ni Studio ya Radio, aho amajwi y’umunyamakuru (yavuye mu kunyeganyezwa k’umwuka), ahindurwamo amashanyarazi matoya bikozwe n’utwuma bita Microphone, ubundi ayo majwi akayungururwa akanatunganywa mu gikoresho bita Console Audio cyangwa mixeur audio, hanyuma akoherezwa ku gice cya kabiri ari cyo Umunara w’isakazamajwi.

Aha ni ho hakomeye kuko hari bya bikoresho noneho bifite ubushobozi n’imbaraga byo gusakaza ya majwi atwawe na ya miraba yifitemo imbaraga rukuruzi ku muvuduko munini.

Ibyo bikoresho bigize Umunara harimo iby’ingenzi twavuga ari byo: Insakazamajwi ari yo Emetteur Radio cyangwa se Radio Transmitter, ishinzwe gufata ya majwi ari ku rwego rwo hasi, ikayomeka kuri mwikorezi, Porteuse cyangwa se Carrier yo ifite ubwisubire buri hejuru, ikanagira ubushobozi bwo kwakirwa n’intuburambaraga ari yo Amplificateur de puissance cyangwa se Radio frequency Power Amplifier.

Aya majwi mwibuke ko aba akiri mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi abasha kugenda mu nsinga. Aherezwa rero ikindi cyuma gishinzwe guhindura ayo mashanyarazi mo imiraba y’imbaraga rukuruzi (ondes electromagnetiques cyangwa electromagnetic waves), cyitwa Antenne ubundi ikabijugunya bigasakara mu kirere.

Bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga antenne ikoranywe, imbaraga nyinshi zishobora gusakara mu mpande zose (tukabona antenne bita omni-directionel) cyangwa imbaraga zigasakara mu cyerekezo iki n’iki bikurikije aho wayirebesheje (tukabona antenne bita antenne directionel).

Bitewe kandi n’imbaraga n’aho ushaka kugeza ibyo bintu, ushobora gukoresha antennes nyinshi zikubiye ku munara umwe mu byo bita Systeme d’antenne cyangwa Antenna system bikajyana n’ubushobozi ya ntuburambaraga twavuze ifite.

Kwa komeka ya majwi kuri mwikorezi, bikorerwa mu nsakazamajwi, ari byo byitwa Modulation mu ndimi z’amahanga.

Mu gihe rero amajwi yiyometse kuri iyo mwikorezi, mu buryo ayo majwi ahindura imiterere y’ubwisubire cyangwa se frequence y’iyo mwikorezi, ni ho tuvuga ko habaye FM (frequency modulation cyangwa Modulation de Fréquence). Ubundi buryo ni igihe amajwi ushaka gusakaza ahinduye ubunini mu bijyanye n’umubyimba n’uburebure by’ubwisubire bwa ya mwikorezi.

Aha ho tuvuga ko habayeho AM (Amplitude modulation cyangwa (Modulation d’Amplitude). Muri ubu buryo habamo ibyiciro bitatu, hari Imiraba migufi (Short waves: SW), hakaza Imiraba yo hagati (Medium waves: MW) ndetse n’Imiraba miremire (Long waves: LW).

Ubu buryo bwa FM cyangwa AM bwifashishwa mu gusakaza amajwi ya Radio mu ikoranabuhanga rya Analogique, Ariko mu Rwanda uburyo bwa FM ni bwo bwaje kugenda busimbura ubu bwa AM kubera ibyiza yongereye mu gusakaza amajwi akakirwa asukuye.

Gusa hari ibihugu usanga bigikoresha ubu buryo kimwe n’uko ibindi bihugu byateye imbere, bimaze no kwinjira mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya Digital mu gusakaza amajwi ya Radio, byitwa Digital Radio, ari ho dusanga ikoranabuhanga rya DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) cyangwa DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting Plus mu ndimi z’amahanga).

Ibi bintu bisakazwa, bishobora kuba ibiganiro mu majwi yumvikana, bishobora kuba kandi ibiganiro mu mashusho n’amajwi yayo bijyanye (bizwi nka Televiziyo), cyangwa bikaba ubundi bwoko bw’ibishobora gusakazwa nka murandasi, n’ibindi.

Igice cya gatatu nyuma ya studio ndetse n’umunara, ni umuntu wakira ya majwi yasakajwe akoresheje inyakiramajwi ya Radio, Récepteur Radio cyangwa Radio receiver.

Iyi na yo igomba kuba ifite Antenne yo kwakira, ni ukuvuga ihindura imiraba y’imbaraga rukuruzi yasakajwemo amashanyarazi akabasha kunyura mu bice by’inyakiramajwi hanyuma amajwi akabasha kumvikana.

Iyo ayo majwi ari mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi yinjiye mu nyakiramajwi, wowe ushaka kumva amajwi ku murongo w’ubwisubire runaka, uhitamo mwikorezi yazanye ibyo ushaka, maze hakabaho kwiyomora kw’ayo majwi kuri mwikorezi.

Uwo murimo witwa Démodulation mu ndimi z’amahanga. Ayo majwi anyuzwa mu ntuburamajwi (Amplificateur Audio cyangwa Audio amplifier), ubundi agaherezwa akuma gashinzwe kuyavana mu mashanyarazi kakayasubiza mu miraba yavuye mu kunyeganyezwa k’umwuka bita Indangururamajwi, Haut-Parleur cyangwa Loud Speaker mu ndimi z’amahanga. Ubundi tukabasha kuyumva n’amatwi yacu tubifashijwemo n’umwuka.

Mu by’ukuri, hagendewe ku masezerano mpuzamahanga, uyu munsi, igice cy’ imiraba yifitemo imbaraga rukuruzi y’ubwisubire buri hagati ya 9 kHz na 400 GHz nibwo bwagenwe mu gukoreshwa mu gusakaza ibintu bitandukanye mu kirere ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera ko hejuru ya 50 GHz usanga hakoreshwamo utuntu dukeya usibye nko mu gice bita Radioastronomie. Ni ukuvuga ubushakashatsi bukorwa ku mitere cyangwa imikorere y’inyenyeri, imibumbe n’ibindi bintu karemano biri mu kirere.

Iyi miraba ifite imbaraga rukuruzi ntigaragara n’amaso, ntiwanayikoraho ngo uyumve, kandi yo niba itwaye amajwi, ibasha no gukwirakwira mu busa cyangwa muri Vide ahatagera umwuka, bitandukanye no ku majwi yandi atanyujijwe mu byuma kuko yo atabasha gukwirakwira mu busa.

Ibi ni ukubera ko umuvuduko wayo uba ari zeru. Iyi miraba yakomotse kuri mwikorezi (Carrier frequency) kandi yo irihuta cyane kuko isakara ku muvuduko nk’uw’urumuri ungana na Km 300 000/s. Uyu muvuduko ntiwawugereranya n’uw’amajwi asanzwe twumva ataranyuzwa mu byuma kuko yo, nko mu mwuka, asakara ku muvuduko wa 340 m/s.

Ibi nibyo bituma rero kugira ngo wumve amajwi ya radio iyi n’iyi wibereye iwawe, bisaba ko ayo majwi aba yanyujijwe mu byuma bifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubwisubire bubasha kwikorera ayo majwi, bigaherezwa icyuma kiyajugunya mu kirere yabaye imiraba (Ondes radio cyangwa se Radio waves) hanyuma akabasha kugezwa kure cyane kubera uwo muvuduko bukoresha, maze nawe ugakoresha inyakiramajwi yawe ugahitamo mwikorezi yazanye amajwi ukeneye (aha ndavuga imirongo y’ubwisubire radio iyi n’iyi ikoreraho), ukabasha kuyumva.