Ubusanzwe ubwonko bw’umuntu mukuru buzima budafite ikibazo bugomba kuba bupima nibura hagati y’ikilo 1.2 na1.4, bukaba bugizwe n’ibice bitatu by’ingenzi birimo ikizwi nk’ubwonko bunini (Cerebrum), ubwonko buto (Cerebellum) hamwe n’Igihimba changwa Igice cyo hasi cy’ubwonko (Brainstem).

Akamaro kabwo gashingira cyane kuri ibyo bice, ari nabyo bifasha umuntu mu bintu bitandukanye birimo gutekereza, gufata imyanzuro, kumva, guhumeka, kugira amarangamutima, kwibuka, kureba, n’ibindi bikorwa bya muntu byose nko gukora umusemburo, gukorora, kuruka, kwitsamura, uwavuga ko ari ibikorwa byose ntabwo yaba agiye kure y’ukuri, kuko buri gice cy’umubiri gihagarariwe mu bwonko.

Dr. Clement Kwihangana, umuganga uvura indwara zifata ubwonko n’imyakura mu bitaro bya Caraes Ndera, avuga ko igice cyo hejuru cy’ubwonko cyitwa ‘Cerebrum’, kigira ibice 4 by’ingenzi, birimo icy’imbere (Frontal Lobe), hagati (Parietal Lobe), inyuma (Occipital Lobe) no ku ruhande (Temporal Lobe).

Ati “Icy’imbere kigenzura ibintu byinshi, birimo gukora kw’amaguru, amaboko, amaso, gutekereza, imyitwarire, kugira umwete mu bintu, ibintu byose bidutandukanya n’inyamaswa bigatuma tuba abantu bafite ubwenge, usanga bikorwa n’icyo gice. Igice cyo hagati cyo gituma twumva, kwa kundi kugira ngo umenye ko ikintu gikonje cyangwa gishyushye, ikintu kikurumye cyangwa usitaye, kugira ubabare ubimenye ni uko bijya kuri icyo gice kigatuma umenya ko byabaye.”

Ibindi bice birimo igice cy’inyuma cy’ubwonko, gishinzwe ibijyanye no kureba, kikaguha amakuru yo kumenya icyo ubonye, icyo kivuze, aho kiri n’ibindi byose bijyanye n’igisobanuro cy’icyo kintu uba ubonye.

Akamaro k’igice cyo ku ruhande, ni uko gituma umuntu ashobora kugira ubwoba, amakenga no kwibuka.

Dr. Kwihangana, avuga ko igice cy’ubwonko buto kizwi nka ‘Cerebellum’, gikora cyane ibijyanye no guhuza ibikorwa.

Ati “Akamaro kacyo, ni uguhuza ibintu cyane cyane ibyo dukora, ni nka kwa kundi ujya gufata akantu gato, kugira ngo bibeho ni ukubera ‘Cerebellum’, cyangwa se kuba ubasha kugenda ubwabyo, ntugende ugwa, guhaguruka, guhindukira urebye n’ibyo by’ingenzi. Ikindi gice cy’ingenzi n’icyo twita ‘BrainStem’ (Igice cyo hasi cyangwa igihimba), ikintu kimara ni ibirimo ibikorwa by’amaso byose, kureba hejuru, hasi, ku ruhande, uburyo umutwe uhindukira ibyo byose nicyo kibikora.”

Yungamo ati “Ariko harimo n’ibindi byinshi, nko guhumeka, gutera k’umutima, bya bintu byose biba utarimo kubitekerezaho, bimeze nkaho birimo kwikoresha mu mubiri, byose bikorwa n’icyo gice, harimo n’imisemburo, gusinzira, ubushyuhe bw’umubiri cyangwa ubukonje.”

Imikorere y’igice cy’ubwonko kiba mu mugongo (Spinal Cord)

Ubwonko bugira igice kiri mu mutwe ariko hakabamo n’ikindi gikomeza mu mugongo kikagenda gitanga imyakura ijya mu bice byose by’ubwonko.

Dr. Kwihangana, avuga ko ubwonko bwo mu mugongo bugizwe n’umusokoro.

Ati “Uyu nawo ufite ibintu ushinzwe bindi ariko ni igice cy’ubwonko. Ni ukuvuga ngo urutirigongo ni amagupfa y’umugongo, ariko hagati mu magufa y’umugongo hacamo ubwonko bugenda bukamanuka bukava hejuru inyuma y’ijosi, bukagenda bukagera aho ikibuno gitereye. Icyo nicyo twita ‘Spinal Cord’.”

Ubwonko bwo mu mugongo nibwo bukoresha amaboko n’amaguru, ariko nabwo bukagira ibice, kuko bubamo igice cyo hejuru (Cervical), hagati (Thoracic) no hasi (Lumbar).

Dr. Kwihangana ati “Icyo hejuru gitanga imyakura, ikoresha amaboko, ijosi, imwe muri yo ikaza mu gatuza. Noneho icyo hagati, cyo gitanga imyakura iza mu gatuza, ku mutima, ku bihaha, no ku mikaya yo mu gituza. Naho igice cyo hasi cyo gitanga imyakura ikoresha amaguru, n’ibindi bice birimo imiyoboro y’inkari, uruhago, inda ibyara ku bagore, imyanya myibarukiro, byose bikoreshwa n’icyo gice cya Spinal Cord cyo munsi.”

Yungamo ati “Nacyo ni igice cy’ubwonko, kuko iyo turimo kuvuga ubwonko, tuvuga ko burimo ibice bibiri by’ingenzi, birimo ubwonko buri mu mutwe (Central Nervous System), hakazamo n’ubwo mu mugongo (Spinal Cord), noneho hakaza n’igice cy’ubwonko kiri hanze kitari muri ibyo byombi. (Peripheral Nervous System).”

Kubungabunga ubwonko

Kugira ngo ubwonko burusheho kumera no gukora neza busaba kubwitaho, kuko ari kimwe mu bice by’umubiri bikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, bitewe n’uko ibindi byose bisa nkaho ari bwo bishingiyeho.

Dr. Kwihangana ati “Ubundi ubwonko ikintu cya mbere wavuga cy’uburyo wabwitaho ni imirire, kubera ko 20% by’isukari umubiri ukoresha ijya ku bwonko. Iyo mirire igomba kuba ifite intungamubiri zihagije zubaka umubiri n’izirinda indwara. Ni cyo kintu kiba gikenewe cyane kubera ko ubwonko ari urugingo rworoshye kandi rukenera kwitabwaho by’umwihariko, kuko bukoresha imbaraga nyinshi.”

Ubundi buryo bushobora gufasha ubwonko kumera neza, ni ugusinzira nibura amasaha hagati ya 7-8 ku muntu mukuru, kuko iyo umuntu asinziriye, bibufasha kubika amakuru y’ibyo umuntu yagiye ahura nabyo byose. Ibiba byabaye byose, amakuru yabyo abikwa neza igihe umuntu asinziriye, ku buryo iyo adasinzira neza, bimugiraho ingaruka zirimo kwibagirwa no kudatekereza byihuse.

Igihe umuntu asinziriye, ni nabwo ubwonko busohora gusohora ibyakwitwa umwanda, cyangwa ibitagikora neza, ariko iyo adasinzira, ibyo bintu bishobora kwangiza ubwonko, bikomeza byibika, bikaba byatera indwara mu gihe runaka.

Gukoresha ubwonko ibikorwa birimo gusoma ibitabo, gukina imikino ituma umuntu atekereza, gukora siporo, kujya ahantu hashya, kwiga ibintu bishya umuntu atari azi, ni kimwe mu bibufasha kurushaho kumera neza, kuko bibufasha gutekereza neza, kuruhuka, gukora neza k’umutima, bukanabona amaraso ahagije.