Niba ujya wibaza ibi, nturi wenyine. Hari benshi muhuje ikibazo. Ariko impamvu ibi byose ubyibaza ni uko utari uzi Ikigega cy’Ubwishingizi bw’Amafaranga abitswa mu ma Banki n’ibigo by’imari kizwi nka Deposit Guarantee Fund (DGF) mu Cyongereza.

Abantu benshi bagira impungenge nk’izi, akenshi kubera kutamenya ubu buryo bwashyizweho bwo kurinda ababitsa amafaranga, kimwe mu by’ingenzi akaba ari iki kigega cya DGF.

Mu Rwanda, Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) igira uruhare rukomeye mu kugenzura urwego rw’imari binyuze mu igenzura rikomeye hamwe n’amategeko atuma urwego rw’imari rukura rugakomera ndetse rukagira ubudahungabana.

BNR ikora uko ishoboye kose kugira ngo amabanki n’ibigo by’imari bigumane ubudahubangana ndetse inarinde inyungu z’ababitsamo amafaranga yabo.

N’ubwo bimeze bityo ariko byagaragaye ko mu Rwanda no ku isi hose nta rwego na rumwe rwirinda burundu ibyo byago. Bivuze ko n’ubwo habaho ingamba, bishobora kubaho,banki cyangwa Ikigo cy’Imari kigahomba kigafunga imiryango.

Ibi byatumye u Rwanda rufata icyemezo cyo gushinga Ikigega cy’Ubwishingizi bw’Amafaranga Abitswa (DGF), nk’urwego rw’umutekano rugamije kurinda ababitsa mu gihe banki cyangwa ikigo cy’imari iciriritse byaba byahombye.

AHANDI BYAGIYE BIGENDA BITE?

Ingamba zo kurinda ubudahungabana bw’urwego rw’Imari ni igisubizo ku ihungabana ry’Imari ryabayeho bigateza ingaruka nyinshi harimo n’igabanyuka ry’ikizere ababitsa bagirira urwego rw’imari.

Urugero rumwe rukomeye cyane ni Icyorezo cy’Ubukungu mu mwaka 1930 (Great Depression), cyangije ubukungu bw’isi yose kandi gitera ibigo byinshi by’imari gufungwa.

Nyuma y’ibi, ibyago by’ababitse amafaranga byagaragaye neza cyane, bituma Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zishyiraho Ikigo cy’Ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC) mu mwaka wa 1933.

Iyi gahunda yatekerejwe igamije kongera icyizere mu mikorere y’urwego rw’imari, no gukumira ibikuzwa rikabije ry’amafaranga mu ma banki, ryari kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu bw’igihugu.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ibihugu bitandukanye byatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nk’izi, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’ibibazo by’ubukungu byabigiragaho ingaruka.

Urugero rufatika ni ibihe bikakaye by’ubukungu byibasiye ibihugu byo mu Burasirazuba bwa Aziya mu 1997, byabereye amasomo menshi amahanga, byerekana akamaro ko kugira uburyo burambye bwo kurinda umutekano w’imari.

Mu rwego rwo gukomeza guteza imbere ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu bijyanye no kurengera ababitsa amafaranga, Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryita ku bwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa (IADI) ryatangijwe mu mwaka wa 2002, hagamijwe gufasha ibihugu gutegura no gushyiraho uburyo bukora neza bwo kwishingira amafaranga abikwa mu mabanki.

Mu myaka ishize, IADI yahindutse umufatanyabikorwa w’ingenzi mu guteza imbere umutekano w’imari ku rwego rw’isi, binyuze mu gutanga inama, gushyiraho amabwiriza ngenderwaho no korohereza guhanahana ubunararibonye n’imyitwarire myiza hagati y’ibihugu bigize iri shyirahamwe.

Mu ntambwe ikomeye iherutse gutera, IADI imaze kurenza ibigo 100 by’abanyamuryango, bikaba bigaragaza uko kurinda ababitsa amafaranga bigenda bifata intera ndende ku isi hose.

Kugeza ubu, abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni bakoresha amabanki n’ibigo by’imari iciriritse hirya no hino ku isi bumva bafite umutekano, bazi neza ko nibura bafite amahirwe yo kongera kubona amafaranga yabo mu gihe ikigo cy’imari cyabo cyahura n’ibibazo.

IKIGEGA CY’UBWISHINGIZI BW’AMAFARANGA ABITSWA MU RWANDA(DGF)

N’ubwo urwego rw’imari mu Rwanda rugira ubudahungabana, nta buryo bw’ubugenzuzi na bumwe bushobora kurinda 100% ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ihungabana riturutse hanze cyangwa ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu.

Ubugenzuzi bukorwa na Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kurinda ubusugire bw’urwego rw’imari, ariko nubwo bwaba bunoze bite, ntabwo bushobora gukuraho burundu ibyago bishobora kuvuka.

Ni yo mpamvu u Rwanda rwashyizeho Ikigega cy’Ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa (Deposit Guarantee Fund, DGF), nk’inyongera ku ngamba zisanzwe z’ubugenzuzi hagamijwe gutanga uburinzi bwisumbuye ku bashyira amafaranga yabo mu mabanki n’ibigo by’imari iciriritse. Iki kigega gifasha mu kurinda ababitsa amafaranga, kandi kigatera inkunga ihamye y’icyizere no gukomera kw’urwego rw’imari mu gihugu hose.

DGF yatangiye gukorera ku mategeko yashyizweho binyuze mu Itegeko No 31/2015, ariko yaje kongererwa imbaraga n’Itegeko No 039/2024, ryagura inshingano zayo n’inzego ikoreramo.

Iri tegeko rishya ryakuye DGF mu buryo bwari busanzwe buzwi nka “Pay-Box” – bwibandaga gusa ku gusubiza amafaranga ababitsa mu gihe ikigo cy’imari gihombye riyihindura “Pay-Box Plus”, bivuze ko noneho ishobora gutanga ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku bigo biyigize bishobora kuba biri mu bibazo by’igihe gito, bityo bigafasha kwirinda ko ibyo bigo bihomba.

Iki kigega gifite inshingano nyamukuru yo kurinda abafite amafaranga mu mabanki n’ibigo by’imari iciriritse mu gihe habaye ikibazo gikomeye nk’ifunga cyangwa igihombo gikabije cy’ikigo cy’imari.

Gifite kandi inshingano yo gukusanya umusanzu wa buri gihembwe utangwa n’amabanki n’ibigo by’imari iciriritse byemerewe kwakira amafaranga y’abaturage (deposit-taking institutions).

Indi nshingano ya DGF ni ugushora iyo misanzu mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwitondewe, hagamijwe ko habaho amafaranga ahari igihe cyose byaba ngombwa kwishyura ababitse amafaranga mu bigo byahuye n’ibibazo.

Ibi byose bigamije guteza imbere icyizere mu rwego rw’imari no kurinda inyungu z’abaturage, bityo bigatuma abaturage batinyuka gukorana n’ibigo by’imari.

Mu gihe banki cyangwa ikigo cy’imari gifunze cyangwa gihombye, DGF ishinzwe gusubiza amafaranga abari babitse amafaranga muri iyo banki cyangwa muri icyo kigo.

Imikorere y’iki kigega igenzurwa na komite ebyiri arizo: Komite Ngishwanama (Advisory Committee) na Komite Ishinzwe Ishoramari (Investment Committee). Komite Ngishwanama itanga inama z’ubunyamwuga ku buyobozi bw’ikigega kugira ngo imikorere yayo igume mu murongo w’amategeko n’imyitwarire myiza isanzwe ihabwa agaciro mu rwego rw’imari naho Komite ishinzwe ishoramari yo ifite inshingano zo gushyiraho politiki z’ishoramari, no gukurikirana imikorere y’imari y’ikigega, kugira ngo umutungo wacyo ugenzurwe neza kandi ubyazwe umusaruro w’igihe kirekire.

AKAMARO K’IKIGEGA CY’UBWISHINGIZI MU GIHE IKIGO CYASESHWE.

Akamaro k’Ikigega cy’Ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa (DGF) kagaragaye by’umwihariko muri Nzeri 2019, ubwo Ikigo cy’Imari iciriritse CAF ISONGA cyashyirwaga mu bikorwa byo kugisesa burundu.

N’ubwo Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda yagerageje inzira zitandukanye zo kuyikiza, ibibazo by’imari ndetse n’imiyoborere mibi byari bimaze igihe muri CAF ISONGA byanze gukemuka. Ibyo byatumye hatangizwa inzira yo kuyisesa hakurikijwe amategeko abigenga, maze DGF igatanga ingurane ku babitsaga bose bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kwishyurwa.

Iyi ngamba yagaragaje akamaro gakomeye k’iki kigega mu kurinda amafaranga y’abaturage no guteza imbere icyizere mu rwego rw’imari. N’ubwo nta muntu wifuza ko ikigo cy’imari cye cyahomba, kuba hari uburyo bwo kwishyura ababitsaga bituma abaturage bagira ikizere gikomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu.

U Rwanda si rwo rwonyine ruhura n’ibi bibazo. No mu bindi bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, uburyo nk’ubu bwagaragaje ko bufite akamaro mu guhangana n’ibura ry’inkunga cyangwa guhombywa n’ibigo by’imari.

Urugero ni muri Uganda, aho Ikigega gishinzwe kurinda ababitse amafaranga (Deposit Protection Fund) cyagize uruhare rukomeye nyuma y’ifungwa ry’ikigo cy’imari EFC Uganda Limited muri Gashyantare 2024.

Nyuma y’uko Banki Nkuru ya Uganda ihagaritse uruhushya rw’icyo kigo, DPF yishyuye 76% by’ababitsaga bafite ubwishingizi, mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 90. Ibi byagaragaje ko kugira gahunda iboneye y’ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa ari ingenzi mu kurinda icyizere rusange cy’abaturage ku rwego rw’imari.

ESE NI BURI MUNTU WISHINGIRWA NIKI KIGEGA?

N’ubwo ikigega cy’ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa (DGF) gitanga uburinzi bwagutse, ni ingenzi kumenya ko atari ubwoko bwose bw’amafaranga abitswa burengerwa n’iyi gahunda.
Amafaranga abitswe n’andi mabanki cyangwa ibigo by’imari iciriritse, kimwe n’ay’ibigo bya Leta, ibigo by’ubwishingizi, amashyirahamwe y’ubwizigame bw’igihe kirekire (pension funds) ndetse n’imigabane y’ishoramari rusange (collective investment schemes), ntabwo abarwa mu yarengerwa na DGF.

Ariko, ku rundi ruhande, abaturage basanzwe babitsa ndetse n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi bifite konti z’ubwizigamire, konti zisanzwe (current accounts), cyangwa konti z’ubwizigamire bw’igihe (fixed deposits), barimo rwose mu barengerwa n’iki kigega, ku kigero cyuzuye.

Mu guha ababitsa icyizere ko amafaranga yabo atekanye n’iyo haba hari ihungabana mu bukungu, Ikigega cy’Ubwishingizi bw’amafaranga abitswa (DGF) gifasha kubaka urwego rw’imari ruhamye
Ubu burinzi bushishikariza abantu n’ibigo gukoresha inzego z’imari zemewe n’amategeko, aho kwifashisha uburyo bw’amaboko cyangwa imikoranire itizewe. Bityo, DGF itanga umusanzu ukomeye mu gutuma abantu bagira umutekano mu mikorere y’imari yabo bwite, ikanashyigikira ubukungu rusange binyuze mu guteza imbere umuco wo kuzigama no gushora imari y’igihe kirekire.
Byongeye kandi, kugira uburyo bwizewe bwo kwishingira amafaranga abitswa bigabanya cyane kubikuwa kw’amafaranga kubera ubwoba mu gihe habaye ihungabana ry’ubukungu, bityo bigafasha kwirinda ibihe by’akajagari mu mabanki byagiye bitera ibibazo bikomeye by’ubukungu mu mateka.

Iki kigega gifasha kurinda umutungo w’umuturage no guhamya umutekano w’ubukungu muri rusange bityo DGF ikaba igikoresho cyizewe, gikomeye kandi cy’ingenzi mu kubungabunga ubusugire bw’urwego rw’imari.

Mu by’ukuri, DGF ni inkingi y’ingenzi mu kubaka urwego rw’imari ruhamye, rufite icyizere kandi rubereye buri wese. Binyuze mu gutanga ubwirinzi ku babitsa, gushinga imizi mu mategeko no gukorana bya hafi n’inzego z’ubugenzuzi, DGF iteza imbere ihuriro ry’abaturage n’inzego z’imari (financial inclusion), ikongera icyizere cy’abaturage mu mikorere y’urwego rw’imari, bityo igatanga umusanzu ugaragara mu iterambere rirambye ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu.

Umwanditsi w’iyi nyandiko ni umukozi muri Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda mu ishami rishinzwe ubudahungabana bw’Urwego rw’Imari.