Uwa mbere ni Dominique Mbonyumutwa wabaye perezida wa mbere w’u Rwanda w’agateganyo (Mutarama – Ukwakira 1961), na Grégoire Kayibanda wategetse repubulika ya mbere guhera (Ukwakira 1961- Nyakanga 1973).

1. Dominique Mbonyumutwa

Dominique Mbonyumutwa yari umurwanashyaka wa MDR-PARMEHUTU, rimwe mu mashyaka ya politike yabayeho nyuma y’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi bwa cyami, ku ngoma ya Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (Nyakanga 1959 – Mutarama 1961) asimbuye mukuru we Mutara III Rudahigwa waguye mu Burundi kuya 25 Nyakanga 1959.

Mbonyumutwa wavukiye i Gitarama mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda muri Mutarama 1921 akitaba Imana azize uburwayi muri Nyakanga 1986, ni we wabaye perezida wa mbere w’agateganyo kuva muri Mutarama kugeza mu Kwakira 1961, mu gihe cy’inzibacyuho yabayeho hagati y’ihirikwa ry’ubwami, impinduramatwara, n’ubwigenge.

Nyuma y’amatora yo mu Kwakira 1961, Mbonyumutwa yasimbuwe na Grégoire Kayibanda wari perezida wa MDR-PARMEHUTU, ashingwa ubuyobozi kugeza ku itariki 1 Nyakanga 1962 u Rwanda rubona ubwigenge, ari bwo Kayibanda yabaye perezida wa repubulika ya mbere (1962-1973).

Mbere y’uko Mbonyumutwa agirwa perezida w’agateganyo mu 1961; yari umu sous-chef ku ngoma ya Kigeli V, umwanya twagereranya n’umuyobozi w’akarere muri iki gihe.

Intandaro y’impinduramatwara yo mu 1959 nk’uko amateka abivuga, ni amakuru atarigeze abonerwa gihamya, avuga ko ku itariki 1 Ugushyingo 1959 ngo Mbonyumutwa yakubitiwe urushyi mu Byimana (Gitarama) n’abasore bari bashyigikiye ubutegetsi bwa Cyami, ngo bigatuma Abahutu batangira kwivumbagatanya, ni ko kwadukira abanyagihugu bagenzi babo b’Abatutsi, barabamenesha, barabatwikira, barabica, abasaga ibihumbi 330 bagahunga igihugu.

Icyo gihe Umwami Kigeli V yasabye uwari guverineri w’u Rwanda n’u Burundi Jean Paul Harroy ngo amufashe guhosha ubwo bugizi bwa nabi, aramwamwangira, hanyuma Kigeli afata icyemezo cyo kujya i Kinshasa muri Zaire (RDC y’ubu) kureba uwari Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, Dag Hammarskjold kumusaba ngo agire icyo akora ariko biba iby’ubusa, kuko n’ubundi Ababiligi bari bamaze gufata icyemezo cyo gukuraho ubwami, Kigeli ntiyabasha kugaruka mu gihugu nawe ahinduka impunzi atyo.

Mbonyumutwa yatorewe kuyobora igihugu by’agateganyo kuwa 28 Mutarama 1961 kugeza kuri kamarampaka yo kuwa 25 Nzeri 1961 bitegetswe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye washakaga ko Abanyarwanda bahitamo hagati y’Ubwami na Repubulika. Nyuma ya Kamarampaka Mbonyumutwa yahise yegura asimburwa na Grégoire Kayibanda kuwa 26 Ukwakira 1961, Kayibanda aba Perezida wa Repubulika ya mbere.

Dominique Mbonyumutwa wavutse muri Mutarama 1921, mu bihe bitandukanye yabaye umucamanza, minisitiri w’intebe, aba n’umudepite ku butegetsi bwa Kayibanda ariko aza gushwana na shebuka yirukanwa muri politike.

Habyarimana amaze gufata ubutegetsi mu 1973, yamugize umuyobozi w’icyubahiro wari ushinzwe ibihembo bitangwa na perezida ku bagiriye igihugu akamaro (National Orders). Uwo mwanya Mbonyumutwa yawubayemo kugeza yitabye Imana aguye mu Bubiligi azize uburwayi tariki 26 Nyakanga 1986.

Bamwe mu bamukomokaho bari mu buhungiro mu Bubiligi, aho bafite ibikorwa bigendera ku ngengabitekerezo ya Jenoside no gutanya Abanyarwanda babinyujije mu cyo bise Jambo ASBL, ishyirahamwe ryashinzwe n’abana bakomoka ku bagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Mu bashinze iryo shyirahamwe, harimo n’abuzukuru ba Dominique Mbonyumutwa, bene Shingiro Mbonyumutwa washakishwaga n’ubutabera mpuzamahanga ngo aryozwe uruhare yagize muri Jenoside ariko agapfa adatawe muri yombi, kuko yaguye mu buhungiro mu Bubiligi ku itariki 22 Gashyantare 2022 nawe azize uburwayi.

Dominique Mbonyumutwa yabyaye abahungu batatu n’abakobwa bane. Habanza Shingiro Mbonyumutwa, Marie-Claire Mukamugema, Félicitée Musanganire, Perpétue Muramutse, Thomas Kigufi, Joseph Kimenyi na Bernadette Nyiratunga.

Tom Ndahiro, umushakashatsi kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda akaba n’impuguke mu itangazamakuru, mu kiganiro yagiranye na Igihe.com mu 2018, yavuze ko abana ba Mbonyumutwa hafi ya bose bagize uruhare muri Jenoside usibye babiri gusa barimo umwe atazi ibye neza.

Tom Ndahiro yaragize ati «Muri abo bana ba Mbonyumutwa uko ari barindwi, uretse babiri, Joseph Kimenyi na Bernadette Nyiratunga (ntazi neza ibye), abasigaye bose bagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi»

Inkuru iri kuri Bwiza.com nayo ivuga ko Shingiro Mbonyumutwa yabaye umuyobozi w’ibiro by’uwari minisitiri w’intebe Kambanda Jean muri guverinoma yiyise iy’abatabazi yari iyobowe na Théodore Sindikubwabo mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

Kimwe mu bikorwa bibi Shingiro yibukirwaho mbere y’uko jenoside itangira, ku itariki 21 Mutarama 1994 yumvikanye kuri Radio Rwanda, ashishikariza Abahutu gutsemba Abatutsi ngo batarabatanga.

Mu nkuru icukumbuye ikinyamakuru Bwiza.com cyashyize ahagaragara kuwa 23 Gashyantare 2022, cyanditse kivuga ko mu majwi yabitswe akanifashishwa mu nyandiko zitandukanye zivuga kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, yumvikanamo Shingiro agira ati “Ngaho nimutekereze bariya Batutsi baturutse hanze nibatangira kwihorera ku Bahutu babahejeje mu mahanga mu myaka 30 ishize! Ndababwiza ukuri, ikibazo cy’Abahutu mu Rwanda kizahita gikemuka vuba cyane. Ni ugutsembatsemba, bagatsembatsemba, bagatsembatsemba kugeza basigaye bonyine muri iki gihugu. Mureke rero ntihagire n’umwe ucika intege.”

Urukiko Gacaca rwari rwaramuhamije ibyaha bya jenoside, rumukatira igifungo cy’imyaka 25 ari mu bungiro.

2. Grégoire Kayibanda

Grégoire Kayibanda ni umwe mu bashinze ishyaka PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu) ryaje guhindura inyito ryongeraho MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement Démocratique Républicain) nyuma y’uko abarwanashyaka baryo bari bamaze gucengerwa na politike ya mbatanye-mbayobore y’abakoroni b’Ababiligi yashyizeo Abahutu kwanga ingoma ya cyami bakayoboka inzira ya repubulika.

Ni ko byaje kugenda rero, Kayibanda amaze gusimbura Mbonyumutwa wavuyeho yeguye muri Nzeri 1961, Kayibanda yahise atorerwa kuyobora igihugu kuwa 26 Ukwakira 1961, u Rwanda rutangira gutegekwa n’ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya MDR-PARMEHUTU, andi yose byari byaraboneye izuba mu gihe kimwe, aseswa burundu mu 1965.

Mu mashyaka yasheshwe, ayari akomeye ni UNAR: (Union Nationale Rwandaise) RADER: (Rassemblement Démocratique Rwandais). APROSOMA: (Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse).

Kayibanda amaze gushyirwa ku buyobozi n’ingufu na politike by’abakoloni b’ababiligi, u Rwanda rwahawe ubwigenge n’Ububiligi ku itariki 01 Nyakanga 1962, rukomeza kuyoborwa n’ishyaka rimwe rya MDR-PARMEHUTU kugeza ku itariki 05 Nyakanga 1973.

Muri uwo mwaka ni bwo Kayibanda yahiritswe ku butegetsi n’uwari minisitiri w’ingabo, Juvénal Habyarimana, hanyuma apfa yishwe mu 1976 aguye mu nzu y’ibanga yari afungiwemo n’umugore we hafi y’iKabgayi.

Amakuru ahari avuga ko Kayibanda n’umugore we bicishijwe inzara ku itegeko rya Habyarimana, wari umaze kurambirwa irondakarere ryarangwaga mu butegetsi bwa Kayibanda, kuko muri guverinoma ye hari hinganjemo Abahutu bo mu majyepfo, by’umwihariko ab’i Gitarama aho Kayibanda avuka.

Ibyo rero ntabwo byakomeje kwihanganirwa n’Abahutu bo mu majyaruguru cyane cyane ab’i Gisenyi kwa Habyarimana ari nabo bari benshi mu basirikare bakuru bo mu ngabo z’igihugu zashyizweho n’abakoloni.

Juvénal Habyarimana amaze guhirika Kayibanda, nawe yahise ashinga ishyaka rya MRND (Movement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement) rihigika MDR-PARMEHUTU, bityo MRND ikomeza kuyobora igihugu nk’ishyaka rimwe rukumbi kugeza mu 1991. Muri uwo mwaka nibwo mu Rwanda hongeye kuvuka amashyaka ya politike bitewe n’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu rwatangijwe n’umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi washinzwe mu 1987.

Uwo muryango washinzwe n’Abatutsi bahunze ubwicanyi bwo mu 1959 na nyuma ku butegetsi bwa Kayibanda (1962-1973), ariko nyuma waje kwakira n’abayoboke b’Abahutu barimo n’abahoze mu buyobozi no mu ngabo ku bwa Habyarimana kuko yaje gukora amakosa nk’aya Kayibanda, nawe agashyira imbere irondamoko n’uturere haba mu ngabo, muri guverinoma mu bigo bya leta kugeza no mu mashuri.